IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics

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Keywords

Ear, Annotations, Appraisal, Data Visualization, Voting, Task Analysis, Market Research, Annotation, Judgment, Perceived Bias, Prediction, Text, Visualization, Perceptual Bias, Role Of Texts, Empirical Studies, Exploratory Analysis, Trends Data, Bar Charts, Textual Information, High Bias, Degree Of Bias, Semantic Content, Line Chart, Interpretation Of Data, Data Visualization, Visualization Tool, Variable Positions, Prediction Task, Visual Elements, Visual Components, Semantic Level, Liking Ratings, Text Level, Chart Types, Text Annotation, Simple Line, External Context, Predictive Likelihood, Predictors Of Participation, Post Hoc Bonferroni Correction, Dunn Bonferroni, Mental Schemas

Abstract

This paper investigates the role of text in visualizations, specifically the impact of text position, semantic content, and biased wording. Two empirical studies were conducted based on two tasks (predicting data trends and appraising bias) using two visualization types (bar and line charts). While the addition of text had a minimal effect on how people perceive data trends, there was a significant impact on how biased they perceive the authors to be. This finding revealed a relationship between the degree of bias in textual information and the perception of the authors’ bias. Exploratory analyses support an interaction between a person's prediction and the degree of bias they perceived. This paper also develops a crowdsourced method for creating chart annotations that range from neutral to highly biased. This research highlights the need for designers to mitigate potential polarization of readers’ opinions based on how authors’ ideas are expressed.
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